Rust: مكررات Rust: مسارات معالجة البيانات المؤجلة

fn main() {
    let parts = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
    let mut result = vec![];
    let mut count = 0;

    for &part in &parts {
        if part % 2 == 0 {           // Steps1: Filter
            let doubled = part * 2;  // Steps2: Convert
            result.push(doubled);
            count += 1;
            if count == 5 {          // Steps3: Excerpt
                break;
            }
        }
    }

    let sum: i32 = result.iter().sum();
    println!("Result: {:?}, Sum: {}", result, sum);
}

fn main() {
    let parts = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];

    let sum: i32 = parts.iter()
        .filter(|&&n| n % 2 == 0)   // Steps1: Filter for Even Numbers
        .map(|&n| n * 2)             // Steps2: multiply by2
        .take(5)                     // Steps3: Take the first 5
        .sum();                      // Steps4: Sum

    println!("Sum: {}", sum);
}

// ============================================
// Manual Invocation next() Understanding How Iterators Work
// ============================================

fn main() {
    let numbers = vec![10, 20, 30, 40, 50];

    // iter() Returns an iterator，Does not consume vectors
    let mut iter = numbers.iter();

    // next() Every time it returns Option<&T>
    // Some(&value) Indicates that there is another element
    // None Indicates the end of the iteration
    println!("{:?}", iter.next());  // Some(10)
    println!("{:?}", iter.next());  // Some(20)
    println!("{:?}", iter.next());  // Some(30)
    println!("{:?}", iter.next());  // Some(40)
    println!("{:?}", iter.next());  // Some(50)
    println!("{:?}", iter.next());  // None
    println!("{:?}", iter.next());  // None (A subsequent call still returns None)

    // for A loop is next() syntactic sugar
    let mut count = 0;
    let iter2 = numbers.iter();
    for val in iter2 {
        println!("for loop #{}: {}", count, val);
        count += 1;
    }
}

Some(10)
Some(20)
Some(30)
Some(40)
Some(50)
None
None
for loop #0: 10
for loop #1: 20
for loop #2: 30
for loop #3: 40
for loop #4: 50

// ============================================
// Combine Multiple Adapters to Build a Data Processing Pipeline
// ============================================

fn main() {
    // Raw Data: 1 to 20
    let data = 1..=20;

    // Pipeline: Filter for Even Numbers → multiply by 3 → Skip the first 2 → Take the first 5
    let result: Vec<i32> = data
        .filter(|&n| n % 2 == 0)      // [2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20]
        .map(|n| n * 3)                // [6,12,18,24,30,36,42,48,54,60]
        .skip(2)                       // [18,24,30,36,42]
        .take(5)                       // [18,24,30,36,42]
        .collect();                    // Triggered Evaluation，Collected Vec

    println!("Pipeline result: {:?}", result);

    // Another pipeline: use chain to Concat two slices
    let first = vec!["A", "B", "C"];
    let second = vec!["X", "Y", "Z"];
    let combined: Vec<&str> = first.iter()
        .chain(second.iter())
        .copied()
        .collect();
    println!("Chained: {:?}", combined);

    // Use enumerate to index elements
    let fruits = vec!["apple", "banana", "cherry"];
    let indexed: Vec<(usize, &str)> = fruits.iter()
        .enumerate()
        .map(|(i, &name)| (i + 1, name))
        .collect();
    println!("Indexed: {:?}", indexed);
}

Pipeline result: [18, 24, 30, 36, 42]
Chained: ["A", "B", "C", "X", "Y", "Z"]
Indexed: [(1, "apple"), (2, "banana"), (3, "cherry")]

// ============================================
// Custom Fibonacci Iterator
// Implementation Iterator trait Make any type iterable
// ============================================

// Fibonacci Sequence Generator
struct Fibonacci {
    current: u64,
    next: u64,
    max: u64,
}

impl Fibonacci {
    fn new(max: u64) -> Self {
        Fibonacci {
            current: 0,
            next: 1,
            max,
        }
    }
}

// Implementation Iterator trait It is the core of custom iterators.
impl Iterator for Fibonacci {
    // Item The type of the elements returned by the iterator
    type Item = u64;

    // next() Back Option<Self::Item>
    // Some(value) Indicates that there is another element
    // None Indicates the end of the iteration
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
        if self.current > self.max {
            return None;
        }
        let result = self.current;

        // Update to the next Fibonacci number
        let new_next = self.current + self.next;
        self.current = self.next;
        self.next = new_next;

        Some(result)
    }
}

fn main() {
    println!("Fibonacci up to 50:");
    let fib = Fibonacci::new(50);

    // Fibonacci It can now be used in for In a loop
    for (i, n) in fib.enumerate() {
        println!("  fib({}) = {}", i, n);
    }

    // It can also be used in conjunction with an adapter chain
    println!("\nEven Fibonacci numbers up to 100:");
    let even_fibs: Vec<u64> = Fibonacci::new(100)
        .filter(|&n| n % 2 == 0)
        .collect();
    println!("{:?}", even_fibs);
}

Fibonacci up to 50:
  fib(0) = 0
  fib(1) = 1
  fib(2) = 1
  fib(3) = 2
  fib(4) = 3
  fib(5) = 5
  fib(6) = 8
  fib(7) = 13
  fib(8) = 21
  fib(9) = 34

Even Fibonacci numbers up to 100:
[0, 2, 8, 34]

// ============================================
// Consumer：Drive the iterator to execute and produce the final result
// ============================================

fn main() {
    let numbers = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];

    // sum() — Sum
    let total: i32 = numbers.iter().sum();
    println!("Sum: {}", total);

    // count() — Count
    let cnt = numbers.iter().count();
    println!("Count: {}", cnt);

    // fold() — General Folding Operation (initial value + accumulator closure)
    // Here, we calculate 10!
    let factorial: u64 = (1..=10u64).fold(1, |acc, x| acc * x);
    println!("10! = {}", factorial);

    // fold() — Manual Implementation of sum and count
    let sum_via_fold: i32 = numbers.iter().fold(0, |acc, &x| acc + x);
    let count_via_fold: usize = numbers.iter().fold(0, |acc, _| acc + 1);
    println!("Sum (via fold): {}", sum_via_fold);
    println!("Count (via fold): {}", count_via_fold);

    // collect() — Collected various types of collections
    let doubled: Vec<i32> = numbers.iter().map(|&x| x * 2).collect();
    println!("Doubled: {:?}", doubled);

    let even_set: std::collections::HashSet<i32> = numbers.iter()
        .filter(|&&x| x % 2 == 0)
        .copied()
        .collect();
    println!("Even set: {:?}", even_set);

    // General: find the sum of the first 5 even squares
    let complex_result: i32 = (1..=100)
        .filter(|&n| n % 2 == 0)
        .map(|n| n * n)
        .take(5)
        .fold(0, |acc, n| acc + n);
    println!("Sum of first 5 even squares: {}", complex_result);
}

Sum: 55
Count: 10
10! = 3628800
Sum (via fold): 55
Count (via fold): 10
Doubled: [2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20]
Even set: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Sum of first 5 even squares: 220

// ============================================
// Comprehensive Example：Custom Iterators + Adapter Chain
// ============================================

struct FizzBuzz {
    current: u32,
    limit: u32,
}

impl FizzBuzz {
    fn new(limit: u32) -> Self {
        FizzBuzz { current: 0, limit }
    }
}

impl Iterator for FizzBuzz {
    type Item = String;

    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<String> {
        self.current += 1;
        if self.current > self.limit {
            return None;
        }
        let n = self.current;
        let result = match (n % 3, n % 5) {
            (0, 0) => "FizzBuzz".to_string(),
            (0, _) => "Fizz".to_string(),
            (_, 0) => "Buzz".to_string(),
            _ => n.to_string(),
        };
        Some(result)
    }
}

struct Fibonacci {
    curr: u64,
    next: u64,
}

impl Iterator for Fibonacci {
    type Item = u64;
    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<u64> {
        let result = self.curr;
        self.curr = self.next;
        self.next = result + self.next;
        Some(result)
    }
}

fn main() {
    println!("=== FizzBuzz (1-20) ===");
    for item in FizzBuzz::new(20) {
        print!("{} ", item);
    }
    println!();

    let fizz_count = FizzBuzz::new(100)
        .filter(|s| s.starts_with("Fizz"))
        .count();
    println!("1-100 Fizz occurrences: {}", fizz_count);

    println!("\n=== Fibonacci first 15 terms ===");
    let fib = Fibonacci { curr: 0, next: 1 };
    for val in fib.take(15) {
        print!("{} ", val);
    }
    println!();

    let fib_sum: u64 = Fibonacci { curr: 1, next: 1 }
        .take_while(|&x| x < 1_000_000)
        .filter(|&x| x % 2 == 0)
        .sum();
    println!("Fibonacci < 1M sum of even numbers: {}", fib_sum);
}

=== FizzBuzz (1-20) ===
1 2 Fizz 4 Buzz Fizz 7 8 Fizz Buzz 11 Fizz 13 14 FizzBuzz 16 17 Fizz 19 Buzz 

1-100 Fizz occurrences: 27

=== Fibonacci first 15 terms ===
0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 233 377 

Fibonacci < 1M sum of even numbers: 1089154