Rust: Common Rust Collections

let mut queue = Vec::new();
queue.push("Customer A");   // A Get a ticket，At the back of the line
queue.push("Customer B");   // B Get a ticket，At the back of the line
queue.push("Customer C");   // C Get a ticket，At the back of the line

// Take a seat when your number is called：Remove from the front of the line
let first = queue.remove(0);  // O(n) —— All elements that follow must be moved forward！
println!("{} Take a seat", first);

use std::collections::VecDeque;
use std::collections::BTreeMap;

fn main() {
    // VecDeque：Accessible from both the front and the back
    let mut queue = VecDeque::new();
    queue.push_back("Customer A");   // Enter at the back of the line
    queue.push_back("Customer B");
    queue.push_front("VIP");         // VIP Cutting in line at the front of the line！

    println!("Next, please take a seat.: {}", queue.pop_front().unwrap());  // VIP
    println!("Next: {}", queue.pop_front().unwrap());    // Customer A

    // BTreeMap：Ordered Key-Value Store
    let mut customers = BTreeMap::new();
    customers.insert(1001, "Alice");
    customers.insert(1003, "Bob");
    customers.insert(1002, "Charlie");

    // Automatically Sort and Output Buttons
    for (id, name) in &customers {
        println!("Get a ticket #{}: {}", id, name);
    }
    // Output: #1001: Alice, #1002: Charlie, #1003: Bob
}

Current number of people in line: <queue.len()>
At the head of the line: <queue.front()>, Bringing up the rear: <queue.back()>

Call Order:
  <customer> Take a seat

// ============================================
// VecDeque：Basic Operations on a Double-Ended Queue
// ============================================

use std::collections::VecDeque;

fn main() {
    let mut queue: VecDeque<&str> = VecDeque::new();

    // Regular customers enter from the back of the line
    queue.push_back("Alice");
    queue.push_back("Bob");
    queue.push_back("Charlie");

    // VIP A customer cut in line from the front of the line
    queue.push_front("VIP-David");
    queue.push_front("VIP-Eve");

    println!("Current number of people in line: {}", queue.len());
    println!("At the head of the line: {:?}, Bringing up the rear: {:?}", queue.front(), queue.back());

    // Take a seat when your number is called：Remove from the front of the queue
    println!("\nCall Order:");
    while let Some(customer) = queue.pop_front() {
        println!("  {} Take a seat", customer);
    }
}

=== Transcript（Sort by Name）===
  <name>: <score>

Alice the results: <scores.get("Alice").unwrap()>
Eve There are discrepancies in the scores
Eve No results yet

First: <scores.first_key_value()>
The last one: <scores.last_key_value()>

=== Transcript（Sort by Name）===
  <name>: <score>

Alice the results: <scores.get("Alice").unwrap()>
Eve There are discrepancies in the scores
Eve No results yet

// ============================================
// BTreeMap：Automatic Button Sorting
// ============================================

use std::collections::BTreeMap;

fn main() {
    let mut scores = BTreeMap::new();

    scores.insert("Charlie", 87);
    scores.insert("Alice", 95);
    scores.insert("Bob", 72);
    scores.insert("David", 91);

    // BTreeMap Button（Alphabetical order）Automatic Sorting
    println!("=== Transcript（Sort by Name）===");
    for (name, score) in &scores {
        println!("  {}: {}", name, score);
    }

    // Search by Key
    println!("\nAlice the results: {}", scores.get("Alice").unwrap());

    // Check for the presence of
    if scores.contains_key("Eve") {
        println!("Eve There are discrepancies in the scores");
    } else {
        println!("Eve No results yet");
    }

    // Get the first and last entries
    println!("\nFirst: {:?}", scores.first_key_value());
    println!("The last one: {:?}", scores.last_key_value());
}

=== Transcript（Sort by Name）===
  Alice: 95
  Bob: 72
  Charlie: 87
  David: 91

Alice the results: 95
Eve No results yet

First: Some(("Alice", 95))
The last one: Some(("David", 91))

=== July 3 ~ July 7 Orders ===
  <date>: $<amount>

=== July 5 and After Orders ===
  <date>: $<amount>

// ============================================
// BTreeMap Range Query：range Methods
// ============================================

use std::collections::BTreeMap;

fn main() {
    // Simulated Order System：Date -> Order Amount
    let mut orders = BTreeMap::new();

    orders.insert("2026-07-01", 120);
    orders.insert("2026-07-03", 85);
    orders.insert("2026-07-05", 200);
    orders.insert("2026-07-07", 150);
    orders.insert("2026-07-10", 95);

    // Search orders placed between July 3 and July 7 (inclusive)
    println!("=== July 3 ~ July 7 Orders ===");
    for (date, amount) in orders.range("2026-07-03"..="2026-07-07") {
        println!("  {}: ${}", date, amount);
    }

    // Search all orders on or after July 5
    println!("\n=== July 5 and After Orders ===");
    for (date, amount) in orders.range("2026-07-05"..) {
        println!("  {}: ${}", date, amount);
    }

    // Total Amount
    let total: i32 = orders.range("2026-07-03"..="2026-07-07")
        .map(|(_, amount)| amount)
        .sum();
    println!("\nJuly 3 ~ July 7 Total Amount: ${}", total);
}

=== July 3 ~ July 7 Orders ===
  2026-07-03: $85
  2026-07-05: $200
  2026-07-07: $150

=== July 5 and After Orders ===
  2026-07-05: $200
  2026-07-07: $150
  2026-07-10: $95

July 3 ~ July 7 Total Amount: $435

Vec Insert at the end: <start.elapsed()>
VecDeque Insert at the end: <start.elapsed()>
HashMap Insert: <start.elapsed()>
BTreeMap Insert: <start.elapsed()>

--- Search Performance ---
Vec Linear Search: <start.elapsed()>
HashMap Search: <start.elapsed()>
BTreeMap Search: <start.elapsed()>

// ============================================
// Comparison of the Performance of Four Types of Sets：Insert 10000 element
// ============================================

use std::collections::{BTreeMap, HashMap, VecDeque};
use std::time::Instant;

fn main() {
    let n = 10_000;

    // Vec Insert at the end
    let start = Instant::now();
    let mut vec = Vec::new();
    for i in 0..n {
        vec.push(i);
    }
    println!("Vec Insert at the end: {:?}", start.elapsed());

    // VecDeque Insert at the end
    let start = Instant::now();
    let mut deque = VecDeque::new();
    for i in 0..n {
        deque.push_back(i);
    }
    println!("VecDeque Insert at the end: {:?}", start.elapsed());

    // HashMap Insert
    let start = Instant::now();
    let mut hmap = HashMap::new();
    for i in 0..n {
        hmap.insert(i, i);
    }
    println!("HashMap Insert: {:?}", start.elapsed());

    // BTreeMap Insert
    let start = Instant::now();
    let mut bmap = BTreeMap::new();
    for i in 0..n {
        bmap.insert(i, i);
    }
    println!("BTreeMap Insert: {:?}", start.elapsed());

    // Search for Performance Comparisons
    println!("\n--- Search Performance ---");

    let start = Instant::now();
    let _ = vec.contains(&9999);
    println!("Vec Linear Search: {:?}", start.elapsed());

    let start = Instant::now();
    let _ = hmap.get(&9999);
    println!("HashMap Search: {:?}", start.elapsed());

    let start = Instant::now();
    let _ = bmap.get(&9999);
    println!("BTreeMap Search: {:?}", start.elapsed());
}

Vec Insert at the end: 78.2µs
VecDeque Insert at the end: 82.1µs
HashMap Insert: 1.2ms
BTreeMap Insert: 2.8ms

--- Search Performance ---
Vec Linear Search: 42.5µs
HashMap Search: 138ns
BTreeMap Search: 312ns

=== FIFO Queue Processing ===
[P<task.priority>] #<task.id>: <task.name>

=== Sort by priority ===
P<task_list>: <pri>

=== High-Priority Tasks (P0-P1) ===
P<task_list>: <pri>

// ============================================
// Comprehensive Example：VecDeque Queue + BTreeMap Priority
// ============================================

use std::collections::{VecDeque, BTreeMap};

#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
struct Task {
    id: u32,
    name: String,
    priority: u8,
}

fn main() {
    let mut queue: VecDeque<Task> = VecDeque::new();
    queue.push_back(Task { id: 1, name: "Check email".into(), priority: 3 });
    queue.push_back(Task { id: 2, name: "Fix bug #42".into(), priority: 1 });
    queue.push_back(Task { id: 3, name: "Write report".into(), priority: 2 });
    queue.push_back(Task { id: 4, name: "Urgent deploy".into(), priority: 0 });

    println!("=== FIFO Queue Processing ===");
    while let Some(task) = queue.pop_front() {
        println!("[P{}] #{}: {}", task.priority, task.id, task.name);
    }

    let mut priority_map: BTreeMap<u8, Vec<String>> = BTreeMap::new();
    let tasks = vec![
        ("Check email", 3u8), ("Fix bug #42", 1), ("Write report", 2),
        ("Urgent deploy", 0), ("Code review", 1), ("Team meeting", 3),
        ("Security patch", 0), ("Update docs", 2),
    ];

    for (name, pri) in tasks {
        priority_map.entry(pri).or_insert_with(Vec::new).push(name.to_string());
    }

    println!("\n=== Sort by priority ===");
    for (pri, task_list) in &priority_map {
        println!("P{}: {:?}", pri, task_list);
    }

    println!("\n=== High-Priority Tasks (P0-P1) ===");
    for (pri, task_list) in priority_map.range(0..=1) {
        println!("P{}: {:?}", pri, task_list);
    }

    let mut history: VecDeque<String> = VecDeque::with_capacity(3);
    for i in 0..5 {
        history.push_back(format!("task_{}", i));
        if history.len() > 3 {
            history.pop_front();
        }
    }
    println!("\nLast 3 history entries: {:?}", history);
}

=== FIFO Queue Processing ===
[P3] #1: Check email
[P1] #2: Fix bug #42
[P2] #3: Write report
[P0] #4: Urgent deploy

=== Sort by priority ===
P0: ["Urgent deploy", "Security patch"]
P1: ["Fix bug #42", "Code review"]
P2: ["Write report", "Update docs"]
P3: ["Check email", "Team meeting"]

=== High-Priority Tasks (P0-P1) ===
P0: ["Urgent deploy", "Security patch"]
P1: ["Fix bug #42", "Code review"]

Last 3 history entries: ["task_2", "task_3", "task_4"]