إدخال/إخراج الملفات

# اكتب إلى ملف
file = open("hello.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8")
file.write("Hello, World!")
file.close()

# اقرأ من ملف
file = open("hello.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8")
content = file.read()
file.close()

print(content)              # Hello, World!

# كتابة
with open("hello.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    f.write("Hello, World!")

# قراءة
with open("hello.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    content = f.read()

print(content)

# "w" — كتابة (مسح وإعادة كتابة)
with open("test.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    f.write("First line\n")
    f.write("Second line\n")

# "a" — إلحاق
with open("test.txt", "a", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    f.write("Third line\n")

# "r" — قراءة
with open("test.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    print(f.read())

First line
Second line
Third line

# الطريقة 1: read() — قراءة الكل مرة واحدة
with open("test.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    content = f.read()
print(content)

# الطريقة 2: readlines() — قراءة كقائمة
with open("test.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    lines = f.readlines()
print(lines)

# الطريقة 3: سطراً بسطر (موصى به)
with open("test.txt", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    for line in f:
        print(line.strip())

def backup_file(filename):
    """أنشئ نسخة احتياطية من ملف"""
    try:
        with open(filename, "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
            content = f.read()
        
        backup_name = filename + ".bak"
        with open(backup_name, "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
            f.write(content)
        
        print(f"Backup created: {backup_name}")
    except FileNotFoundError:
        print(f"File {filename} does not exist!")

backup_file("test.txt")

import csv

# كتابة CSV
data = [
    ["Name", "Age", "City"],
    ["Zhang San", 25, "Beijing"],
    ["Li Si", 30, "Shanghai"],
    ["Wang Wu", 22, "Guangzhou"],
]

with open("students.csv", "w", newline="", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    writer = csv.writer(f)
    writer.writerows(data)

# قراءة CSV
with open("students.csv", "r", encoding="utf-8") as f:
    reader = csv.reader(f)
    for row in reader:
        print(row)

['Name', 'Age', 'City']
['Zhang San', '25', 'Beijing']
['Li Si', '30', 'Shanghai']
['Wang Wu', '22', 'Guangzhou']

import os

# احصل على الدليل الحالي
print(os.getcwd())          # /project

# ادمج المسارات (تتعامل مع الفواصل تلقائياً)
path = os.path.join("data", "files", "test.txt")
print(path)                 # data/files/test.txt

# تحقق مما إذا كان المسار موجوداً
print(os.path.exists("test.txt"))          # True/False
print(os.path.isfile("test.txt"))          # هل هو ملف؟
print(os.path.isdir("data"))               # هل هو دليل؟

# احصل على معلومات الملف
print(os.path.getsize("test.txt"))         # حجم الملف بالبايتات

# اعرض محتويات الدليل
for f in os.listdir("."):
    print(f)

from pathlib import Path

# أنشئ مساراً
p = Path("data/files/test.txt")

# معلومات المسار
print(p.name)               # test.txt (اسم الملف)
print(p.stem)               # test (بدون امتداد)
print(p.suffix)             # .txt (الامتداد)
print(p.parent)             # data/files (الدليل الأصلي)

# قراءة/كتابة الملف (موجز)
p = Path("hello.txt")
p.write_text("Hello, World!", encoding="utf-8")
content = p.read_text(encoding="utf-8")
print(content)              # Hello, World!

# اجتياز تكراري
for py_file in Path(".").rglob("*.py"):
    print(py_file)