Laravel: Phase 2综合练习—ShopMetrics后台CRUD

Q: 如何确保迁移顺序正确？

外键依赖的表要先创建。迁移文件名的时间戳决定执行顺序——先创建被引用的表，再创建引用它的表。或使用 php artisan migrate:status 检查顺序。

Q: CRUD 页面很多代码是重复的，怎么减少？

用 Blade 组件封装表单字段（ <x-input> 、 <x-select> ），用 artisan make:controller --resource 生成骨架代码。重复是正常的，先确保功能正确再考虑抽象。

Q: 如何验证 N+1 已完全优化？

Debugbar 显示的查询数应该等于 1（主查询）+ 预加载关联数。如 with(['user', 'shop']) 应该是 3 条查询。如果多于预期，检查是否有懒加载遗漏。

最后更新：2026-08-26

Phase 2 综合练习是"交付核心功能"——把第 8-13 课的所有知识串起来，构建一个完整可用的后台系统。

1. 你将学到

完整迁移文件集：10+ 表含外键与索引
Eloquent 模型层：关联关系 + Scope + Accessor/Mutator
资源控制器 CRUD：列表/创建/编辑/删除含验证
数据填充：100+ 租户/用户/订单模拟数据
N+1 检测与优化：Debugbar + 查询分析

2. Bob 的 Phase 2 验收故事

(1) 痛点：后台功能散落各课，无法形成完整产品

Alice 完成了 Phase 2 所有课程，但迁移在课 8、模型在课 9、验证在课 12——每课单独能跑，但组合起来就出问题：外键约束不匹配、模型关联缺失、验证规则和数据库列类型不一致。

(2) 综合练习的解法

本课从数据库设计到 CRUD 页面，一步步把所有知识串成一个完整系统——每一步都基于上一步的产出，确保无断层。

BASH

# Phase 2 deliverable: A complete admin CRUD system
php artisan migrate:fresh --seed
# → 10+ tables, 100+ records, all CRUD working

(3) 收益

Alice 完成综合练习后，拥有了完整的 ShopMetrics 后台 CRUD 系统——从建表到增删改查到数据填充，一步到位。

3. 数据库设计

(1) ShopMetrics 多租户 ER 图

erDiagram
    Tenant ||--o{ User : "has many"
    Tenant ||--o| Subscription : "has one"
    Tenant ||--o{ Shop : "has many"
    Plan ||--o{ Subscription : "has many"
    Shop ||--o{ Product : "has many"
    Shop ||--o{ Order : "has many"
    User ||--o{ Order : "places"
    Product }o--o{ Category : "belongs to many"
    Order ||--o{ OrderItem : "contains"
    Product ||--o{ OrderItem : "included in"

(2) 迁移清单

#	迁移文件	表名	核心字段
1	create_plans_table	plans	name, slug, price, shop_limit, features(json)
2	create_tenants_table	tenants	name, slug, domain, plan_id(FK), status
3	create_subscriptions_table	subscriptions	tenant_id(FK), plan_id(FK), stripe_id, status
4	create_users_table	users	tenant_id(FK), name, email, password, role
5	create_shops_table	shops	tenant_id(FK), name, slug, status, revenue
6	create_categories_table	categories	name, slug
7	create_products_table	products	shop_id(FK), name, sku, price, stock, is_active
8	create_category_product_table	category_product	category_id(FK), product_id(FK)
9	create_orders_table	orders	tenant_id(FK), shop_id(FK), user_id(FK), total, status
10	create_order_items_table	order_items	order_id(FK), product_id(FK), qty, price

▶ 示例：核心迁移文件

PHP

// database/migrations/2024_01_01_000001_create_plans_table.php
Schema::create('plans', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->id();
    $table->string('name');
    $table->string('slug')->unique();
    $table->decimal('price', 8, 2);
    $table->integer('shop_limit')->default(5);
    $table->json('features')->nullable();
    $table->boolean('is_active')->default(true);
    $table->timestamps();
});

// database/migrations/2024_01_01_000005_create_shops_table.php
Schema::create('shops', function (Blueprint $table) {
    $table->id();
    $table->foreignId('tenant_id')->constrained()->cascadeOnDelete();
    $table->string('name');
    $table->string('slug');
    $table->text('description')->nullable();
    $table->enum('status', ['active', 'suspended', 'closed'])->default('active');
    $table->decimal('revenue', 12, 2)->default(0);
    $table->timestamps();
    $table->softDeletes();
    $table->unique(['tenant_id', 'slug']);
    $table->index(['tenant_id', 'status']);
});

输出：

TEXT 📖 仅展示

// 执行成功

4. Eloquent 模型层

(1) 模型清单与关联

模型	关联	Scope	Accessor/Mutator
Tenant	shops(), users(), subscription()	active()	domain_url
Shop	products(), orders(), tenant()	active()	revenue_formatted
Product	categories(), shop()	active(), inStock()	price_formatted
Order	items(), shop(), user()	completed(), thisMonth()	status_badge
OrderItem	product(), order()	—	subtotal

▶ 示例：ShopMetrics 核心模型

PHP

// app/Models/Tenant.php
class Tenant extends Model
{
    protected $fillable = ['name', 'slug', 'domain', 'plan_id', 'status'];
    protected $casts = ['status' => 'string'];

    public function shops(): HasMany
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Shop::class);
    }

    public function users(): HasMany
    {
        return $this->hasMany(User::class);
    }

    public function subscription(): HasOne
    {
        return $this->hasOne(Subscription::class)->where('status', 'active');
    }

    public function scopeActive(Builder $query): Builder
    {
        return $query->where('status', 'active');
    }

    public function getDomainUrlAttribute(): string
    {
        return 'https://' . $this->domain;
    }
}

// app/Models/Shop.php
class Shop extends Model
{
    use SoftDeletes;

    protected $fillable = ['tenant_id', 'name', 'slug', 'description', 'status', 'revenue'];
    protected $casts = ['revenue' => 'decimal:2', 'deleted_at' => 'datetime'];

    public function tenant(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(Tenant::class);
    }

    public function products(): HasMany
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Product::class);
    }

    public function orders(): HasMany
    {
        return $this->hasMany(Order::class);
    }

    public function scopeActive(Builder $query): Builder
    {
        return $query->where('status', 'active');
    }

    public function getRevenueFormattedAttribute(): string
    {
        return '$' . number_format($this->revenue, 2);
    }
}

// app/Models/Product.php
class Product extends Model
{
    protected $fillable = ['shop_id', 'name', 'sku', 'price', 'stock', 'is_active'];
    protected $casts = ['price' => 'decimal:2', 'is_active' => 'boolean'];

    public function shop(): BelongsTo
    {
        return $this->belongsTo(Shop::class);
    }

    public function categories(): BelongsToMany
    {
        return $this->belongsToMany(Category::class)->withTimestamps();
    }

    public function scopeActive(Builder $query): Builder
    {
        return $query->where('is_active', true);
    }

    public function scopeInStock(Builder $query): Builder
    {
        return $query->where('stock', '>', 0);
    }

    public function getPriceFormattedAttribute(): string
    {
        return '$' . number_format($this->price, 2);
    }
}

输出：

TEXT 📖 仅展示

// 执行成功

5. 资源控制器 CRUD

(1) 控制器与验证类清单

控制器	方法	Form Request
ShopController	index/create/store/show/edit/update/destroy	StoreShopRequest/UpdateShopRequest
ProductController	index/create/store/show/edit/update/destroy	StoreProductRequest/UpdateProductRequest
OrderController	index/show/update	UpdateOrderRequest

▶ 示例：ShopController 完整 CRUD

PHP

// app/Http/Controllers/ShopController.php
class ShopController extends Controller
{
    public function __construct()
    {
        $this->middleware('auth');
        $this->middleware('tenant.resolve');
    }

    public function index(Request $request): View
    {
        $shops = Shop::where('tenant_id', tenant()->id)
            ->withCount(['products', 'orders as recent_orders' => fn ($q) => $q->where('created_at', '>=', now()->subDays(30))])
            ->when($request->search, fn ($q, $s) => $q->where('name', 'like', "%{$s}%"))
            ->when($request->status, fn ($q, $s) => $q->where('status', $s))
            ->orderBy($request->sort ?? 'created_at', $request->direction ?? 'desc')
            ->paginate(15);

        return view('shops.index', compact('shops'));
    }

    public function create(): View
    {
        return view('shops.create');
    }

    public function store(StoreShopRequest $request): RedirectResponse
    {
        $shop = Shop::create(array_merge(
            $request->validated(),
            ['tenant_id' => tenant()->id],
        ));

        return redirect()->route('shops.show', $shop)
            ->with('success', 'Shop created successfully.');
    }

    public function show(Shop $shop): View
    {
        $shop->load(['products' => fn ($q) => $q->active()->latest()->take(10),
                      'orders' => fn ($q) => $q->with('user')->latest()->take(10)]);

        $stats = [
            'total_revenue' => $shop->orders()->completed()->sum('total'),
            'total_orders' => $shop->orders()->count(),
            'total_products' => $shop->products()->active()->count(),
        ];

        return view('shops.show', compact('shop', 'stats'));
    }

    public function edit(Shop $shop): View
    {
        return view('shops.edit', compact('shop'));
    }

    public function update(UpdateShopRequest $request, Shop $shop): RedirectResponse
    {
        $shop->update($request->validated());
        return redirect()->route('shops.show', $shop)
            ->with('success', 'Shop updated.');
    }

    public function destroy(Shop $shop): RedirectResponse
    {
        $shop->delete();
        return redirect()->route('shops.index')
            ->with('success', 'Shop deleted.');
    }
}

输出：

TEXT 📖 仅展示

// 执行成功

6. 验证类实现

▶ 示例：ShopMetrics Form Request 类

PHP

// app/Http/Requests/StoreShopRequest.php
class StoreShopRequest extends FormRequest
{
    public function authorize(): bool
    {
        return auth()->user()->role === 'tenant_owner';
    }

    public function rules(): array
    {
        return [
            'name' => 'required|string|max:255',
            'slug' => 'required|alpha_dash|unique:shops,slug,NULL,id,tenant_id,' . tenant()->id,
            'description' => 'nullable|string|max:5000',
            'status' => 'sometimes|in:active,suspended',
        ];
    }

    protected function prepareForValidation(): void
    {
        $this->merge(['slug' => Str::slug($this->slug ?? $this->name)]);
    }
}

// app/Http/Requests/StoreProductRequest.php
class StoreProductRequest extends FormRequest
{
    public function rules(): array
    {
        return [
            'name' => 'required|string|max:255',
            'sku' => 'required|string|unique:products,sku',
            'price' => 'required|numeric|min:0.01|max:999999.99',
            'stock' => 'required|integer|min:0',
            'description' => 'nullable|string|max:5000',
            'is_active' => 'boolean',
            'categories' => 'sometimes|array',
            'categories.*' => 'exists:categories,id',
            'image' => 'sometimes|image|max:2048',
        ];
    }
}

输出：

TEXT 📖 仅展示

// 执行成功

7. 数据填充

▶ 示例：ShopMetrics 完整 Seeder

PHP

// database/seeders/ShopMetricsSeeder.php
class ShopMetricsSeeder extends Seeder
{
    public function run(): void
    {
        $starter = Plan::create(['name' => 'Starter', 'slug' => 'starter', 'price' => 29, 'shop_limit' => 5, 'features' => ['basic_analytics']]);
        $pro = Plan::create(['name' => 'Pro', 'slug' => 'pro', 'price' => 79, 'shop_limit' => 25, 'features' => ['advanced_analytics', 'api']]);
        $enterprise = Plan::create(['name' => 'Enterprise', 'slug' => 'enterprise', 'price' => 199, 'shop_limit' => null, 'features' => ['all']]);

        User::factory()->create(['email' => 'admin@shopmetrics.io', 'role' => 'super_admin']);

        Category::factory()->count(10)->create();

        Tenant::factory()->count(20)->create()->each(function ($tenant) use ($starter, $pro, $enterprise) {
            $plan = fake()->randomElement([$starter, $pro, $enterprise]);
            Subscription::create(['tenant_id' => $tenant->id, 'plan_id' => $plan->id, 'status' => 'active']);
            $owner = User::factory()->for($tenant)->create(['role' => 'tenant_owner']);
            $analysts = User::factory()->count(3)->for($tenant)->create(['role' => 'analyst']);

            $shopCount = min(fake()->numberBetween(2, 5), $plan->shop_limit ?? 99);
            Shop::factory()->count($shopCount)->for($tenant)->create()->each(function ($shop) use ($tenant, $owner, $analysts) {
                $products = Product::factory()->count(fake()->numberBetween(10, 30))->for($shop)->create();
                $products->each(fn ($p) => $p->categories()->attach(Category::inRandomOrder()->take(rand(1, 3))->pluck('id')));

                Order::factory()->count(fake()->numberBetween(20, 60))->for($tenant)->for($shop)->for(fake()->randomElement(array_merge([$owner], $analysts->all())))->create()->each(function ($order) use ($products) {
                    $items = $products->random(rand(1, 5));
                    foreach ($items as $product) {
                        $qty = rand(1, 3);
                        $order->items()->create(['product_id' => $product->id, 'quantity' => $qty, 'price' => $product->price]);
                    }
                    $order->update(['total' => $order->items->sum(fn ($i) => $i->price * $i->quantity)]);
                });
            });
        });
    }
}

输出：

TEXT 📖 仅展示

// 执行成功

8. N+1 检测与优化

(1) 安装 Debugbar

BASH

composer require barryvdh/laravel-debugbar --dev

(2) 常见 N+1 场景与修复

场景	N+1 问题	修复方案
商店列表	`$shop->products->count()`	`withCount('products')`
订单列表	`$order->user->name`	`with('user')`
商品详情	`$product->categories`	`with('categories')`
仪表盘	多个关联同时访问	`with(['user', 'shop.items'])`

▶ 示例：Debugbar 查询分析

PHP

// In development, Debugbar shows query count on each page
// Optimize N+1 step by step:

// Step 1: Identify — Debugbar shows "41 queries" on shops.index
// Step 2: Add eager loading
$shops = Shop::with(['products', 'tenant', 'orders'])->get(); // 4 queries
// Step 3: Use withCount instead of loading full relations
$shops = Shop::withCount('products', 'orders')->with('tenant')->get(); // 3 queries
// Step 4: Verify — Debugbar shows "3 queries"

输出：

TEXT 📖 仅展示

// 执行成功

9. 综合示例：ShopMetrics 后台 CRUD 系统

PHP

// ============================================
// Comprehensive: ShopMetrics Admin CRUD Setup
// Covers: migrations, models, controllers, requests, seeders
// ============================================

// Setup commands (run in order)
// 1. php artisan migrate:fresh --seed
// 2. php artisan storage:link
// 3. php artisan serve

// routes/web.php — Complete admin routes
Route::middleware('auth')->prefix('dashboard')->name('dashboard.')->group(function () {
    Route::get('/', [DashboardController::class, 'index'])->name('index');

    // Shops CRUD
    Route::resource('shops', ShopController::class);
    Route::post('/shops/{shop}/logo', [ShopLogoController::class, 'update'])->name('shops.logo');

    // Products CRUD (nested under shop)
    Route::resource('shops.products', ProductController::class)->shallow();

    // Orders (read-only + status update)
    Route::resource('orders', OrderController::class)->only(['index', 'show', 'update']);
    Route::post('/orders/{order}/export', ExportOrdersController::class)->name('orders.export');

    // Categories (simple CRUD)
    Route::resource('categories', CategoryController::class)->except('show');

    // Analytics
    Route::get('/analytics', [AnalyticsController::class, 'index'])->name('analytics');
});

// DashboardController with optimized queries
class DashboardController extends Controller
{
    public function index(): View
    {
        $tenant = tenant();
        $stats = Cache::remember("dashboard.{$tenant->id}", 300, function () use ($tenant) {
            return [
                'total_revenue' => $tenant->shops()->sum('revenue'),
                'active_shops' => $tenant->shops()->active()->count(),
                'monthly_orders' => $tenant->orders()->whereBetween('created_at', [now()->startOfMonth(), now()->endOfMonth()])->count(),
                'total_products' => Product::whereHas('shop', fn ($q) => $q->where('tenant_id', $tenant->id))->active()->count(),
            ];
        });

        $recentOrders = Order::where('tenant_id', $tenant->id)
            ->with(['shop', 'user'])
            ->latest()
            ->take(5)
            ->get();

        return view('dashboard.index', compact('stats', 'recentOrders'));
    }
}

❓ 常见问题

Q Phase 2 练习需要多少时间？

A 大约 4-6 小时。数据库设计 1h，模型和关联 1.5h，控制器 CRUD 1.5h，数据填充和调试 1h。不要跳步，每一步验证后再做下一步。

Q 如何确保迁移顺序正确？

A 外键依赖的表要先创建。迁移文件名的时间戳决定执行顺序——先创建被引用的表，再创建引用它的表。或使用 php artisan migrate:status 检查顺序。

Q CRUD 页面很多代码是重复的，怎么减少？

A 用 Blade 组件封装表单字段（<x-input>、<x-select>），用 artisan make:controller --resource 生成骨架代码。重复是正常的，先确保功能正确再考虑抽象。

Q Debugbar 在生产环境要关闭吗？

A 必须关闭。Debugbar 暴露敏感信息（SQL 查询、内存使用、配置值）。它在 APP_DEBUG=true 时才启用，生产环境 APP_DEBUG=false 会自动禁用。

Q Seeder 数据和测试数据有什么区别？

A Seeder 生成开发环境的基础数据（管理员账号、计划方案），持久保存在数据库中；测试数据在 PHPUnit 中用 Factory 生成，每个测试后自动回滚。

Q 如何验证 N+1 已完全优化？

A Debugbar 显示的查询数应该等于 1（主查询）+ 预加载关联数。如 with(['user', 'shop']) 应该是 3 条查询。如果多于预期，检查是否有懒加载遗漏。

📖 小节

数据库设计先画 ER 图，再写迁移，确保外键依赖顺序正确
Eloquent 模型定义关联、Scope、Accessor/Mutator 三层能力
Form Request 封装验证和授权，控制器保持精简
数据填充按依赖顺序：Plan → Tenant → User → Shop → Product → Order
N+1 用 with() 和 withCount() 优化，Debugbar 监控查询数
CRUD 系统从资源控制器起步，逐步添加过滤/搜索/分页

📝 作业

基础题（⭐）：完成 ShopMetrics 后台的 10 张表迁移 + 模型定义，运行 migrate:fresh --seed 确认所有数据正确生成，无外键错误。
进阶题（⭐⭐）：实现 Shop 和 Product 的完整 CRUD（含 Form Request 验证、搜索过滤、分页），确保 Debugbar 显示查询数不超过 5 条/页面。
挑战题（⭐⭐⭐）：为 Dashboard 实现缓存优化的数据聚合——缓存统计查询 5 分钟，当有新订单时通过模型事件自动清除缓存，确保数据实时性和性能的平衡。

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关于我们

Laravel: Phase 2综合练习—ShopMetrics后台CRUD

1. 你将学到

2. Bob 的 Phase 2 验收故事

(1) 痛点：后台功能散落各课，无法形成完整产品

(2) 综合练习的解法

(3) 收益

3. 数据库设计

(1) ShopMetrics 多租户 ER 图

(2) 迁移清单

▶ 示例：核心迁移文件

4. Eloquent 模型层

(1) 模型清单与关联

▶ 示例：ShopMetrics 核心模型

5. 资源控制器 CRUD

(1) 控制器与验证类清单

▶ 示例：ShopController 完整 CRUD

6. 验证类实现

▶ 示例：ShopMetrics Form Request 类

7. 数据填充

▶ 示例：ShopMetrics 完整 Seeder

8. N+1 检测与优化

(1) 安装 Debugbar

(2) 常见 N+1 场景与修复

▶ 示例：Debugbar 查询分析

9. 综合示例：ShopMetrics 后台 CRUD 系统

❓ 常见问题

📖 小节

📝 作业

🙏 帮我们做得更好