Linux: ファイルとディレクトリの操作 — 作成 / コピー / 移動 / 削除

mkdir -p myblog/{src/{css,js,img},docs}

myblog/
├── src/
│   ├── css/
│   ├── js/
│   └── img/
└── docs/

touch filename

mkdir dirname          # Create a single directory
mkdir -p a/b/c         # Recursive creation (auto-creates parent directories if they don't exist)
mkdir dir1 dir2 dir3   # Create multiple directories at once
mkdir -p src/{css,js}  # Brace expansion for batch creation

> 💡 ヒント：`mkdir -p`とブレース展開`{a,b,c}`の組み合わせは強力なbash機能 — `mkdir -p project/{src/{css,js},docs}`で1行でプロジェクトのディレクトリツリー全体を作成でき、各階層を個別に作成するよりはるかに高速です。

cp source destination          # Copy a file
cp -r source_dir dest_dir      # Recursively copy a directory
cp -i source destination       # Interactive mode (confirm before overwriting)
cp -u source destination       # Copy only if the source is newer
cp -v source destination       # Show copy progress
cp -p source destination       # Preserve file attributes (permissions/timestamps)

mv oldname newname             # Rename
mv file.txt /path/to/dest/     # Move file to another directory
mv dir1 dir2                   # Rename if dir2 doesn't exist; move into if it does
mv -i source dest              # Confirm before overwriting
mv -u source dest              # Move only if source is newer

rm file.txt                    # Delete a file
rm -r dirname                  # Recursively delete a directory
rm -f file.txt                 # Force delete (no confirmation prompt)
rm -i file.txt                 # Interactive mode (confirm before deleting)
rm -rf dirname                 # Recursive force delete (⚠️ dangerous combination)

# Hard link
ln original.txt hardlink.txt

# Symbolic link
ln -s /usr/bin/python3 python3

# Create empty files
touch index.html
touch style.css script.js    # Create multiple at once

# Create directories
mkdir projects
mkdir -p projects/web/src/css    # Recursively create nested directories

# Brace expansion (bash feature)
mkdir -p {2024,2025,2026}/{01,02,03}
# Creates: 2024/01, 2024/02, 2024/03, 2025/01, ...

# Copy a single file
cp index.html index.backup.html

# Copy a directory (requires -r)
cp -r projects projects-backup

# Interactive mode to prevent accidental overwrite
cp -i important.txt /backup/

# Preserve file attributes
cp -p config.conf /backup/

# Rename a file
mv old-report.md report-2026.md

# Move to another directory
mv report.md ~/Documents/reports/

# Batch rename (using a loop)
for f in *.html; do mv "$f" "${f%.html}.htm"; done

# Safety first: interactive mode
rm -i file.txt

# Delete an empty directory
rmdir empty-dir

# Delete a non-empty directory
rm -r old-project/

# Use with caution (deletes without prompting)
rm -f temp.log

# Copy all .jpg files
cp *.jpg ~/Pictures/

# Delete all .tmp temporary files
rm *.tmp

# Move files starting with 2024
mv 2024* ~/archive/

# List files ending with a digit
ls *[0-9]

# Xiao Ming creates his blog project (one line does it all)
mkdir -p myblog/{src/{css,js,img},docs,scripts,test}

# Create an HTML index file under src
touch myblog/src/index.html

# Copy as a backup
cp -r myblog myblog-backup

# Rename the backup directory
mv myblog-backup myblog-2026-07

# View the final structure
find myblog -type f -o -type d | sort